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Biodegradable plastics are plastics that degrade (break down) upon exposure to sunlight or ultra-violet radiation; water or dampness; bacteria; enzymes; or wind abrasion. Attack by insects, such as waxworms and mealworms, can also Beryllium considered as forms of biodegradation. Aerobic degradation requires that the plastic be exposed at the surface, whereas anaerobic degradation would Beryllium effective hinein landfill or composting systems.
Plastics degrade by a variety of processes, the most significant of which is usually photo-oxidation. Their chemical structure determines their fate. Polymers' marine degradation takes much longer as a result of the saline environment and cooling effect of the sea, contributing to the persistence of plastic debris hinein certain environments.[54] Recent studies have shown, however, that plastics in the ocean decompose faster than had been previously thought, due to exposure to the sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting rein the release of toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A.
Quickly burning plastics at very high temperatures breaks down many toxic components, such as dioxins and furans. This approach is widely used hinein municipal solid waste incineration. Municipal solid waste incinerators also normally treat the flue gas to decrease pollutants further, which is needed because uncontrolled incineration of plastic produces carcinogenic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins.
Roll-to-roll processing – countinous printing method that prints directly onto a roll of fabric or other materialsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups called side chains hang from this backbone; they are usually hung from the monomers before the monomers themselves are linked together to form the polymer chain. The structure of these side chains influences the properties of the polymer.
Plastics are produced rein chemical plants by the polymerization of their starting materials (monomers); which are almost always petrochemical rein nature. Such facilities are normally large and are visually similar to oil refineries, with sprawling pipework running throughout. The large size of these plants allows them to exploit economies of scale.
Historically, Europe and North America have dominated global plastics production. However, since 2010 Asia has emerged as a significant producer, with China here accounting for 31% of total plastic resin production in 2020.[29] Regional differences in the volume of plastics production are driven by user demand, the price of fossil fuel feedstocks, and investments made hinein the petrochemical industry.
For thermosetting materials the process is slightly different, as the plastics are liquid to begin with and but must Beryllium cured to give solid products, but much of the equipment is broadly similar.
Plastics typically are made through human industrial systems. Most modern plastics are derived from fossil fuel-based chemicals like natural gas or petroleum; however, recent industrial methods use variants made from renewable materials, such as corn or cotton derivatives.[1]
Waste plastic, even if it is all of the same polymer type, will contain varying types and amounts of additives. Mixing these together can give a material with inconsistent properties, which can Beryllium unappealing to industry. For example, mixing different colored plastics with different plastic colorants together can produce a discolored or brown material and for this reason plastic is usually sorted by both polymer Durchschuss and color before recycling.[2]
Additives may Beryllium weakly bound to the polymers or react hinein the polymer matrix. Although additives are blended into plastic they remain chemically distinct from it, and can gradually leach back out during in aller regel use, when rein landfills, or following improper disposal in the environment.[36] Additives may also degrade to form other toxic molecules. Plastic fragmentation into microplastics and nanoplastics can allow chemical additives to move rein the environment far from the point of use.
Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch have been shown to be capable of degrading polypropylene.[92]
Efforts to minimize environmental impact of plastics may include lowering of plastics production and use, waste- and recycling-policies, and the proactive development and deployment of alternatives to plastics such as for sustainable packaging.
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